PROJECT NO./TITLE:

NE-183 MULTI DISCIPLINARY EVALUATION OF NEW APPLE CULTIVARS

COOPERATING AGENCIES AND PRINCIPAL LEADERS:

Project Leaders: Curt R. Rom*, Horticulture

Donn T. Johnson, Entomology

Project Cooperators: R. Andy Allen, Research Specialist, Horticulture

Bryan Blackburn, Research Specialist Horticulture

Department of Horticulture

University of Arkansas

Fayetteville, AR 72701

I. PROGRESS OF THE WORK AND PRINCIPAL ACCOMPLISHMENTS:

Objective #1: Evaluate pest susceptibilities of new apple cultivars, strains, and advanced selections

This season was the first significant yield for most of the cultivars tested (Table 1). 'Braeburn' blooms very early and may have limited use in this region due to lack of pollenizers and potential frost risk. However, it is notable that 'Honeycrisp' blooms at the end of the bloom period and would avoid frost in most seasons. The most precocious cultivars were Goldrush, Pristine, Ginger Gold, and Golden Delicious/Mark. Several cultivars had small fruit size; Arlet, Pristine and Sansa. The cultivars Fortune, Gala Supreme, Golden Supreme, Ginger Gold, and Enterprise had good fruit size.

'Pristine' and 'Sansa' ripen too early in the season (late July, early August) to be used for the regional direct market or local markets. Likewise, the harvest season of 'Honeycrisp' may limit its use although fruit were firm, crisp, juicy and had good flavor for the season.

Firm conclusions regarding suitability of the cultivars to the region were difficult to make because of tree age. Additional observation for 2-4 seasons will be necessary prior to full conclusions can be drawn and recommendations regarding use of cultivars can be made.

In the AR planting, 3 replications were maintained with pest control throughout the majority of the season while 2 replications received no pesticide applications after late June. These replications were used for pest and disease evaluation (see attached pest report).

In other apple cultivar trials, more than 120 apple cultivars and more than 90 apple selections from the Arkansas apple breeding program were evaluated for more than 34 tree performance and fruit quality characteristics. Apple cultivar and selection evaluation is conducted at the Main Station in Fayetteville, and at the Fruit Research SubStation in Clarksville.

II. USEFULNESS OF FINDINGS:

These findings are of immediate benefit to growers of the region because they demonstrate the cultivars growth and productive characteristics in this environment. The risk to frost damage and the time of harvest, tree precocity, and fruit characteristics are important to growers utilization of the information for orchard establishment appropriate to their markets.

III. WORK PLANNED FOR NEXT YEAR:

Plots will be maintained according to protocols. Next year it is planned to harvest fruit and evaluate for fruit and foliage phenolic content, and fruit antioxidant and malic acid content.

IV. PUBLICATIONS:

Refereed Journals:

Rom, C.R., and R.A. Allen. Observations from the 1995 NE-183 Multi disciplinary Apple Cultivar Evaluation in Arkansas (submitted to the Amer. Soc. for Hort. Sci -- Southern Region).

Non-refereed Publications:

Garcia, M.E. 1997. Factors affecting the phenolic content of apple. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Arkansas. Table 1. Evaluation of apple cultivars in the 1995 NE-183 Uniform Multi disciplinary Apple Cultivar, Fayetteville, AR, 1997

Cv.	Stock	TCSA (cm2)	Inc. TSCA (cm2)	Yield (kg/tree)	Yld Eff. (Kg/cm2)	Date of 1st Bloom	Date of Full Bloom	Harvest Date
Arlet	M9	17.65	9.07	3.29	0.194	Mar 29	Apr 06	Aug 12
BC-8M-15-10	M9	10.55	4.31	9.48	0.937	Apr 06	Apr 102	Aug 26
Braeburn	M9	11.80	4.49	5.04	0.458	Mar 29	Apr 05	Oct 14
Braeburn	Mark	9.81	3.83	4.76	0.495	Mar 29	Apr 05	Oct 14
Cameo	M9	13.42	6.22	3.68	0.297	Apr 05	Apr 10	Sep 9
Enterprise	M9	18.76	9.65	7.55	0.399	Apr 02	Apr 08	Sep 16
Fortune	M9	16.65	8.45	3.08	0.298	Apr 04	Apr 08	Sep 9
Fuji	M9	15.49	7.58	7.15	0.487	Apr 05	Apr 11	Oct 14
Gala Supreme	M9	15.18	7.22	3.89	0.256	Apr 12	Apr 18	Oct 14
Golden Delicious	M9	14.88	7.36	5.02	0.348	Apr 10	Apr 20	Sep 9
Golden Delicious	Mark	12.88	4.42	10.95	0.889	Apr 07	Apr 16	Sep 9
Golden Supreme	M9	16.71	9.10	1.96	0.107	Apr 12	Apr 08	Aug 19
Ginger Gold	M9	14.63	5.79	11.22	0.785	Apr 07	Apr 18	Aug 5
Goldrush	M9	9.83	3.30	17.67	1.710	Apr 04	Apr 15	Oct 14
Honeycrisp	M9	6.87	2.78	3.51	0.524	Apr 18	Apr 21	Aug 19
NY75414-1	M9	8.20	3.57	3.69	0.513	Apr 04	Apr 08	Sept 23
Orin	M9	15.39	7.43	4.45	0.333	Apr 03	Apr 08	Aug 26
Pristine	M9	18.06	7.75	14.77	0.799	Apr 03	Apr 09	Jul 15
Sansa	M9	10.80	4.91	2.65	0.269	Apr 04	Apr 09	Aug 5
Shizuka	M9	23.84	13.22	0.00	0.000	Apr 13	Apr 14	.
Suncrisp	M9	11.16	3.96	11.70	1.096	Apr 12	Apr 22	Sept 23
Sunrise	M9	11.51	5.75	7.43	0.652	Apr 05	Apr 13	Jul 29
Yataka	M9	15.13	6.80	2.97	0.217	Apr 04	Apr 07	Aug 26
Yataka	Mark	15.15	6.35	4.98	0.344	Apr 04	Apr08	Aug 26

Table 1. Continued

Cv	Stock	Avg. Frt Wt. (g)	Avg. Len (cm)	Avg. Dia. (cm)	L/D	SSC (%)	Starch Rating	Avg Firmness	% Over Color	% Russet
Arlet	M9	118.02	55.3	63.0	0.88	15.12	5.12	22.1	56.4	16.3
BC-8M-15-10	M9	189.95	66.6	75.6	0.88	13.25	3.15	18.0	9.1	12.7
Braeburn	M9	171.97	65.0	69.9	0.93	14.75	5.70	19.0	65.5	3.4
Braeburn	Mark	172.29	60.8	67.7	0.90	16.00	4.90	20.4	59.3	1.4
Cameo	M9	185.87	64.7	73.4	0.88	14.13	4.73	20.4	24.5	5.1
Enterprise	M9	229.36	71.5	81.6	0.87	15.00	3.80	18.3	86.9	2.4
Fortune	M9	278.73	71.6	88.5	0.81	14.13	3.83	16.8	45.1	2.0
Fuji	M9	197.43	64.0	76.3	0.84	15.70	6.86	18.6	57.6	6.6
Gala Supreme	M9	275.05	70.1	86.1	0.82	16.50	6.45	13.7	70.5	4.4
Golden Delicious	M9	179.72	66.5	74.7	0.89	15.30	3.44	19.5	7.6	6.9
Golden Delicious	Mark	170.58	64.6	73.6	0.88	14.53	3.05	17.9	6.6	7.0
Golden Supreme	M9	237.78	74.1	78.4	0.95	14.40	3.95	20.8	8.3	3.4
Ginger Gold	M9	232.28	70.6	81.0	0.87	12.64	1.66	20.8	8.5	4.3
Goldrush	M9	184.11	65.4	73.5	0.89	14.24	4.86	20.8	2.2	2.1
Honeycrisp	M9	202.53	65.3	77.7	0.84	14.75	5.28	16.4	40.2	9.1
NY75414-1	M9	152.82	56.8	74.8	0.76	15.83	3.97	14.9	78.0	5.9
Orin	M9	164.82	63.1	71.9	0.88	14.50	4.30	22.0	3.0	5.9
Pristine	M9	132.64	51.9	70.0	0.74	11.57	2.73	15.0	6.8	3.0
Sansa	M9	139.24	57.4	68.8	0.83	15.10	3.98	20.0	61.0	7.6
Shizuka	M9	.		.	.	.	.		.	.
Suncrisp	M9	174.84	66.4	72.9	0.91	14.73	3.28	21.0	12.6	10.2
Sunrise	M9	162.58	61.2	71.6	0.85	12.80	3.04	17.0	34.0	3.5
Yataka	M9	164.26	60.1	72.4	0.83	13.46	4.10	20.7	30.6	10.1
Yataka	Mark	172.46	58.5	72.7	0.81	13.24	4.04	21.0	25.9	4.8

PROJECT NO./TITLE:

NE-183 MULTI DISCIPLINARY EVALUATION OF NEW APPLE CULTIVARS

COOPERATING AGENCIES AND PRINCIPAL LEADERS:

Project Leaders: Donn T. Johnson, Entomology

Curt R. Rom*, Horticulture

Project Cooperators: Barbara Lewis, Research Specialist, Entomology

R. Andy Allen, Research Specialist, Horticulture

Department of Entomology

University of Arkansas

Fayetteville, AR 72701

I. Progress of Work:

Objective #1: Evaluate pest susceptibilities of new apple cultivars, strains, and advanced selections.

Insecticides were applied to all 5 reps in the 1995 planting through 18 May. The horticultural planting (reps 1-3) was inspected as needed during the growing season for mites and insects (typically every other week). A low population level of both thrips and potato leafhopper were recorded by 3 June and only a trace thereafter. A total of 70.2% of the fruit was undamaged. Most of the 29.8% of the fruit damaged by insects occurred from mid July to 14 October (last harvest). The specific pest damage included: 2.5% fruit damage by the summer generation of plum curculio, 4.3% by San Jose scale, 7.6% by lepidoptera larval tunneling (codling moth and oriental fruit moth), 3.5% catfaced fruit and 12.0% punctured fruit. Insects punctured fruit equally after 22 July (Table 2). These cultivars with the highest to lowest (>20%) insect punctures included: Arlet (93% of 15 fruit), Sunrise (87% of 22 fruit), Late Yellow (75% of 4 fruit), Kogetou (72% of 18 fruit), AA85 (31% of 16 fruit), AA83 (20% of 5 fruit) and Golden Delicious (20% of 50 fruit). Insects catfaced fruit from late July to mid August. These cultivars with the highest to lowest (>10%) catfacing included: Late Yellow (0 and 44% of 4 and 41 fruit), AA85 (13% of 16 fruit), Gingergold (10% of 50 fruit). Plum curculio and San Jose scale fruit damage was highest in cultivars harvested from 22 July through 12 August. These cultivars with the highest to lowest (>10%) plum curculio infestations included: NY75414 (40% of 5 fruit), Gingergold (24% of 50 fruit), Kogetou (17% of 18 fruit), Sansa (17% of 18 fruit), Arlet (13 to 15% of 15 and 20 fruit), AA74 (11.1 of 9 fruit) and Sunrise (10.9% of 55 fruit). Lepidoptera larvae caused fruit damage from 14 August to 14 October. These cultivars with the highest to lowest (>10%) lepidoptera larval infestations included: Late Yellow (12 or 75% of 4 and 41 fruit), Suncrisp (40% of 15 fruit), Goldrush (22 and 32% of 156 and 22 fruit), Fuji (20 and 30% of 10 and 37) and Golden Delicious/Mark (18% of 50 fruit).

II. Usefulness of Findings: Will aid us in developing decision-making protocols for insects attacking these various cultivars.

III. Work Planned for Next Year:

Tie twigs infested with overwintering European red mite eggs to each tree in replicates 4 and 5 of the horticultural planting. Continue the evaluation of all cultivars in these replicates for susceptibility to arthropods. Attempt to prevent application or drift of insecticides to these two replicates.

Table 2. Summary of percentage fruit damaged by insects.

	Surface Catfacing	Fruit Punctures	PC	SJS	Lep. Larvae or Frass	Lep. Larvae Tunneling	Fruit Punctures	Fruit Total
All harvest totals	43	146	30	52	64	29	146	1220
% total damage	3.5	12.0	2.5	4.3	5.2	2.4	12.0

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