ANNUAL REPORT OF COOPERATIVE REGIONAL
PROJECT
Supported by Allotments of the Regional
Research Fund
Hatch Act, as Amended August 11, 1955
January 1 to December 31, 2000
Project: NE-183
Multi disciplinary Evaluation of New Apple Cultivars
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Plantings1 |
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State/Province |
Cooperators 2 |
1995 |
1999 |
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AL |
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- |
H |
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AR |
Curt
Rom* |
Donn
Johnson |
Ron
McNew |
Pat
Fenn |
H |
- |
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CT-NH |
Richard Kiyomoto* |
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P |
P |
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GA |
Dan
Horton* |
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H,P |
- |
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ID |
Esmaeil
Fallahi* |
Krishna
Mohan |
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- |
P |
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IN |
Peter
Hirst* |
Rick
Foster |
Paul
Pecknold |
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- |
H |
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MA |
Duane
Greene* |
Wes
Autio |
John
Clements |
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H |
H,P |
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ME |
Renae
Moran |
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H |
- |
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MI |
Alan
Jones* |
Phil
Schwallier |
Randy
Beaudry |
Greg
Lang |
H,P |
H,P,P |
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MO |
W.
Hal Schaffer* |
M.
Warmund |
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H |
H |
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NC |
Turner
Sutton* |
Dick
Unrath |
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H,P |
H |
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NH |
Bill
Lord* |
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H |
H |
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NJ |
Win
Cowgill* |
Bill
Tietje |
Joe
Goffreda |
Dean
Polk |
H |
H |
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NY-I |
Ian
Merwin* |
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H |
H |
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NY-G |
D.
Roseberger* |
Susan
Brown |
D.
Straub |
Jim
Schupp |
H,P |
H,P |
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OH |
David
Ferree* |
Mike
Ellis |
Diane
Miller |
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H |
H |
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OR |
Anita
Azarenko* |
S.
Mehlenbacher |
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H |
H |
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PA |
Rob Crassweller* Jayson
Harper K.D.
Hickey |
George
Greene |
Jayson
Harper |
K..
Hickey |
2 x H |
2 x H |
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L. Hull Larry
Hull J.M.
Travis |
J.
Travis |
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UT |
Schuyler
Seely* |
LaMar
Anderson |
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- |
H |
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VA |
Keith
Yoder* |
Ross
Byers |
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P |
P |
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VT |
M.
Elana Garcia* |
Lorraine
Berkett |
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H |
H |
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WA |
Bruce
Barritt* |
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H |
H |
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WI |
Teryl
Roper* |
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H |
H |
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WV |
Alan
Biggs* |
Henry
Hogmire |
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P |
H |
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USDA/ARS |
Stephen
Miller |
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H |
H |
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British
Columbia |
Cheryl
Hampson |
Harvey
Quamme |
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H |
H |
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Ontario |
John
Cline |
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H |
H |
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Nova
Scotia |
Danny
Davidson |
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- |
H |
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Administrative
Advisor |
Robert
Seem |
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1 H - designates horticultural planting
(objective 1) , P-
designates Pest Management Planting (objective 2)
2 *- designates a voting member for
participating state/institution
Objectives:
I. Evaluate horticultural qualities and pest
susceptibilities of new apple cultivars, strains, and advanced selections at
numerous locations throughout the United States to determine both the
limitations and the positive attributes of these cultivars.
II.
Develop
horticultural and pest management strategies for new cultivars or cultivar
strains that are emerging as commercially accepted cultivars.
III.
Compare the
costs of production and profitability of new apple cultivars.
Progress of the Work and Principal
Accomplishments:
Project
objectives are being met by 18 states and 2 Canadian provinces consisting of 28
uniform plantings of new promising cultivars and advanced selections.
Multi-state, uniform test orchards of 26 cultivar scion/rootstock combinations
were planted in 1995. A protocol was established by the technical committee to
collect core data to provide the basis for uniform observations to meet stated
project objectives. A second test orchard of 20 cultivars encompassing 29 sites was planted in
the spring of 1999. Locations where both horticulture and pest susceptibility
studies were established in MA, MI, and NY. Several cooperators have additional cultivar test orchards
from which corroborating data to support observations in the uniform test
orchard can be obtained or from which additional data may be generated. Two project cooperators (MA and
NJ) continue to provide WWW access
(http://virtualorchard.net/ne183/default.html) to annual reports and results.
Upon completion of each study, final results, conclusions and recommendations
will be made available on the WWW. The NE-183 listserv
(ne183@virtualorchard.net) continues to be an extremely effective communication
tool for cooperators to share results, facilitate committee business, and plan
future meetings.
Object 1. Evaluate horticultural
qualities and pest susceptibilities of new apple cultivars
The
first uniform test planting for the project was planted at multiple locations
in 1995 with 5 replications of single trees of 18-26 cultivars (Arlet, Creston,
Braeburn, Cameo, Enterprise, Fuji (BC Type II), Gala Supreme, Ginger Gold,
Golden Delicious (Gibson strain), Golden Supreme, GoldRush, Honeycrisp,
Fortune, NY 75414-1, Orin, Pristine, Sansa, Senshu, Shizuka, Suncrisp, Sunrise,
Yataka) and rootstock combinations with controls for both scion cultivar and
rootstock. At some sites separate
“horticultural” and “pest study” trials were planted
and maintained. At other sites, both horticultural and pest susceptibly
characteristics were studied in the same plots. The 2000 season was the fourth cropping season for the
trial orchards at most locations.
The horticultural sub-committee developed a core data set for tree
growth measurements and flowering, fruiting and fruit quality. A pest control sub-committee developed
guidelines for pest management in the test orchard and for the uniform
assessment of pest and disease observations.
A
second uniform planting of new promising apple cultivars and advanced
selections was planted in the spring of 1999. This second planting will also
have a primary designation of either horticultural or pest susceptibility
studies. Plantings for horticulture are located in GA, ID, IN, MA, MI (two
locations), NH, NJ, NY (two locations) NC, OH, OR, PA (two locations), UT, VT,
WA, Ontario, and British Columbia.
Plantings for pest susceptibility studies are located in CT, MA, MI,
NY-G, and VA. Cultivars included:
Golden Delicious (Gibson strain), McIntosh (Rogers strain), Ambrosia, BC
8S-25-33, BC 8S-27-51, BC
8S-26-50, Coop 25, Coop 29, Coop 39, CRQ10T17, CQR 12-750, Delblush, Hampshire,
Jubilee Fuji, Pinova, MN 1824 (Zestar), NJ 90, NJ 109, NY 75907-72, NY
75907-49, NY 65707-19, Pink Lady, Runkel, Autumn Gold.
Horticultural
Characteristics: Trees
varied in size (height, spread and TCSA) both within and across locations. At some sites, tree size was roughly
correlated to total fruit yield.
All cultivars bloomed and fruited at all sites. However, at individual sites, some
cultivars had light bloom and/or did not set many fruit. Variation in order of
bloom among the cultivars was apparent when sites were compared. However, the order of fruit maturity
was relatively consistent across sites. The most precocious genotypes in OR were Pinova,
Pink Lady, Runkel, and Silken.
Several sites had studies of fruit
maturation rates among the cultivars and how fruit quality develops during
maturation (PA, VA, ONT-CA).
Fruit size, color, soluble solids content and acidity varied
significantly among the cultivars.
With light crop loads and vigorous growth of young trees, physiological
disorders such as Ca-deficiency induced fruit bitter pit was observed on some
cultivars (notably Honeycrisp) at several sites.
Fruit
Quality characteristics: Now that all cultivars in all states
are fruiting it is possible to evaluate the fruit on attractiveness, flavor,
crispness, juiciness, etc. Several
states submitted fruit quality comments in their individual state reports. Orin was judged unacceptable by all
reporters and Gala Supreme was marginal.
Ginger Gold was acceptable to all reporters. Many apples were acceptable in southern areas but not
northern, and vice versa. Some
matured too late for northern areas (Fuji, Braeburn, Goldrush).
Pest
Susceptibility Characteristics: Sansa
was found to be infected by Tomato Ringspot virus. Sansa will be dropped from further evaluation in the 1995
planting, but may be evaluated again when clean budwood is available. Foliar disease infections were
evaluated at several sites (MI, NY, VA, WV) and pest infestations determined at
some sites as well (AR, PA, VT) both within the uniform trial and in additional
apple cultivar trials. In
MI, all non-scab resistant cultivars developed apple scab symptoms although
there was variability among the cultivars. Codling moth damage was assessed in AR after application of
mating disruption techniques. Low
levels of damage from codling moth were observed on Sunrise, Sansa, and Golden
Delicious whereas Honeycrisp, Yataka, Late Yellow, Kogetow, Himekan, Suncrisp,
and Fuji were badly affected by codling moth.
In MA, little leaf scab was evident on Gala Supreme,
Enterprise, NY75414-1, Goldrush, Honeycrisp, and Pristine. Varieties showing higher levels of scab
were Shizuka, Fortune, Orin, Golden Delicious, Sunrise, and Braeburn. For sooty blotch, flyspeck and other
rots, the following varieties were less affected than others in their ripening season in VA: Sansa and Arlet (early ripening
varieties), NY 75414-1 and Pioneer Mac (mid season varieties) and Yataka and
Creston (late maturing varieties).
Populations of the spirea aphid varied
greatly across the treatments in PA with cultivars such as Golden Delicious/Mark, Yataka/Mark,
Honeycrisp, and Shizuka showing no signs of aphid infestation whereas, other
cultivars such as Cameo, Fortune and Pristine maintained very high populations
of aphids.
Objective 2. Develop horticultural and pest management strategies for new
cultivars
The
summer disease (sooty blotch and flyspeck) characteristics of scab-resistant
cultivars, and effectiveness of disease control treatments was studied (PA). Scab-resistant cultivars
harvested in mid to late August did not have severe sooty blotch or fly speck;
however, those harvested after that date had moderate to severe surface covered
with the fungi. Infections caused
by other pathogens were also observed in addition to sooty blotch and fly
speck. For control of the summer
diseases there was no cultivar by fungicide treatment interaction and a single
preventive control recommendation could be given for all cultivars.
Objective 3. Compare the costs of production and profitability of new
apple cultivars
Bill
Lord (NH) has made progress in refining a spreadsheet for determining the cost
of production for apples. When
different sprays or other cultural requirements that may differ for each
cultivar included determining relative costs of productions will be possible.
Usefulness of Findings:
This
trial has provided useful findings after its first six seasons. Precocity of these cultivars is now
known. Data on yield efficiency
will show cultivars that are productive relative to tree size. The time of
harvest and amount of early yield is critically important for developing
recommendations of specific cultivars in specific growing regions and for
specific purposes. For instance,
in this trial, some cultivars could be deemed as “summer cultivars”
because they ripened in July or August in southern or warm areas; however, the
same cultivars could be considered “autumn” cultivars when grown in
more northern or cooler areas. The
time of maturity will dictate market potential and value of a specific cultivar
in a specific location. Some
variation in both fruit external and internal quality (size, color, russet,
firmness, soluble solids) occurred both among cultivars and was apparent among
sites particularly northern vs.
southern sites. This
information will be useful in determining the potential for growing the new
cultivars in specific growing regions, the possible use of the fruit
(processing vs.
direct market vs.
wholesale market) and will help growers develop an understanding and
expectation of potential cultivar performance and management which will be
necessary to maximize fruit quality traits.
Information
on the foliar pest and disease susceptibility has now been observed for 3-4
years. The multiple year
observations allow study of genotype by environment interactions for the pest
or disease susceptibility. This season represented the third opportunity to
evaluate the pest and disease susceptibility of the fruit. The pest and disease
susceptibility information will be useful for making recommendations for
controlling potential problems, or for growers to anticipate possible crop
damage and implement appropriate avoidance or protection strategies. Furthermore, the information on both
foliar and fruit pest and disease damage obtained from the trial (Objective I)
will aid in developing decision-making protocols for insects and diseases
(Objective II). The
information of fruit yield potential, fruit quality and pest susceptibility
observed in the uniform test (Objective I) will assist in development of
production cost and profitability models for the new cultivars (Objective III).
The
plantings at the various sites have been used extensively for grower
demonstrations and field visits.
Therefore these plantings are a valuable educational resource in
addition to their research function.
Work Planned for Next Year:
Trees
in the 1995 and 1999 multi-state uniform trials will be maintained according to
protocols developed by the technical committee. Each site is requested to collect the core data set and
individual sites indicated additional studies of fruit quality, storage
potential, and composition may be conducted. Plans for a 2003 trial will
continue.
Publications:
Refereed Journals:
Hampson, C.R. and H.A. Quamme. 2000. Use of preference testing to
identify tolerance limits for fruit visual attributes in apple breeding. HortScience 35(5):921-924.
Hampson, C.R., H.A. Quamme, J.W. Hall, R.A. MacDonald, M.C. King and
M.A. Cliff. 2000. Sensory evaluation as a selection tool in apple
breeding.
Euphytica 111:79-90.
Psarras,
G. and I.A. Merwin. 2000. Water stress affects rhizosphere respiration rates
and root morphology of young apple trees on M.9 and MM.111 rootstocks. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 125(5):588-595.
Psarras, G., I.A. Merwin, A.N. Lakso, and
J.A. Ray. 2000. Root growth phenology, root longevity, and rhizosphere
respiration of field grown 'Mutsu' apple trees on 'Malling 9' rootstock. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci.
125(5):596-602.
Isutsa, D.K. and I.A. Merwin. 2000. Malus germplasm varies in
resistance or tolerance to apple replant disease in a mixture of New York
orchard soils. HortScience 35 (2):262-268.
Merwin, I.A. and J.A. Ray. 1999. Orchard
groundcover management systems affect meadow vole populations and damage to
apple trees. HortScience 34 (2):271-274.
Yoder, K. S. 2000. Effect of powdery mildew on apple yield
and its economic management in Virginia.
Plant Disease 84:1171-1176.
Non-Refereed Publications:
Allen, R. A. and C. R. Rom. 2000 Apple Cultivars and Culture: A
Review. Arkansas-Oklahoma Horticulture Industries Show. p. 53-58.
Boccuzzo, L. Callus Regrowth and Tetrazolium Chloride Evaluations of
Induced Freeze Damage to Four Apple Cultivars: ‘Ginger Gold’,
‘Honeycrisp’, ‘Pristine’ and ‘Golden
Delicious’ in
Vermont. M. S.
Thesis. University of Vermont.
Compton, J.M.
and W.P. Cowgill Jr., 1999. “Sustaining the Apple Industry with New
Cultivars, Part 1” Rutgers Cooperative Extension Plant & Pest
Advisory Vol. 4(28)5
Compton, J.M.
and W.P. Cowgill Jr., 2000. “Sustaining the Apple Industry with New
Cultivars, Part 2” Rutgers Cooperative Extension Plant & Pest
Advisory Vol. Vol. 4(29)3
Compton, J., Peters, M., Cowgill, W. September 2000. “Apple
Maturity Update for North Jersey”, Rutgers Cooperative Extension Plant
& Pest Advisory Newsletter, Fruit Edition, Vol. 5. 24 (3)
Compton, J., Cowgill, W. September 2000.
“North Jersey Tree Fruit Maturity Update”, Rutgers Cooperative
Extension Plant & Pest Advisory Newsletter, Fruit Edition, Vol. 5. 3 (1)
Compton, J., Cowgill, W., Peters, M.
September, 2000. “North Jersey Apple Maturity Advances”, Rutgers
Cooperative Extension Plant & Pest Advisory Newsletter, Fruit Edition, Vol.
5. 22 (1)
Compton, J., Cowgill, W., Peters, M.
August, 2000. “Monitor Those Sugars”, Rutgers Cooperative Extension
Plant & Pest Advisory Newsletter, Fruit Edition, Vol. 5. 21 (3)
Crassweller, R. M. 2000.
Apples. in Pennsylvania
Tree Fruit Production Guide 2000-01 J.W. Travis (coordinator) pp.
14-20. The Pennsylvania State
University.
Crassweller, R.M. and G.M. Greene. 2000.
Horticulture section. In: G. Krawczyk (ed.). Fruit Times Vol. 17 1-15. Penn
State Univ., Coll. of Ag. Sci., Univ. Park.
Crassweller, R.M., G.M. Greene II and D.E. Smith. 2000. Establishment of national apple variety trial plantings – 1999. Penn Fruit News 80(3): 38-41.
Greene II, G.M. and S.S. Miller. 2000. Impact of fruit bud variables on the return bloom and productivity efficiency of York Imperial apples. Penn Fruit News 80(2): 37-38.
Garcia, E. Potential Apple
Cultivars for Vermont. Available as an Extension publication upon request. On
the web at: http://orchard.uvm.edu/uvmapple/hort/cultivars/
Hampson, C.R., Quamme, H.A. and MacDonald, R.A. 2000. Recent apple
releases from Summerland. British Columbia Fruit Growers’ Association
HortForum Proceedings - 1999. British Columbia Orchardist Bulletin Publication
155 8803, Pp. 10, 37.
Merwin, I.A.
1999. Hard Cider: An old-new apple product. New York Fruit Quarterly 7 (3):3-6.
Books:
None
Other:
Committee Web Site
http://virtualorchard.net/ne183/default.html
APPROVED:
Peter M. Hirst
May
11, 2000
Chair, Technical Committee Date
___________ ___________________ May
11, 2000
Administrative Advisor Date